Study on relationship between caffeine intake level and metabolic syndrome and related diseases in Korean adults: 2013 ~ 2016 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey / 한국영양학회지

PURPOSE: This study examined the relationship between caffeine intake and metabolic syndrome in Korean adults using the 2013 ~ 2016 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey data (KNHANES). METHODS: The caffeine database (DB) developed by Food and Drug Safety Assessment Agency in 2014 was used to estimate the caffeine consumption. The food and beverage consumption of the 24 hr recall data of 2013 ~ 2016 KNHANES were matched to items in the caffeine DB and the daily caffeine intakes of the individuals were calculated. The sample was limited to non-pregnant healthy adults aged 19 years and older, who were not taking any medication for disease treatment. RESULTS: The average daily caffeine intake was 41.97 mg, and the daily intake of caffeine of 97% of the participants was from coffee, teas, soft drinks, and other beverages. Multivariate analysis showed that the caffeine intake did not affect metabolic syndrome, hypertension, low HDL-cholesterol, and abdominal obesity. Diabetes and hypertriglyceridemia, however, were 0.76 (95% CI: 0.63 ~ 0.93), and 0.87 (95% CI: 0.77 ~ 0.98) in third quintile (Q3), and 0.66 (95% CI: 0.53 ~ 0.82) and 0.83 (95% CI: 0.73 ~ 0.94) in fourth quintile (Q4) compared to Q1, respectively. Therefore, caffeine intake of 3.66 ~ 45.81 mg per day is related to a lower risk of diabetes and hypertriglyceridemia. CONCLUSION: The study showed that adequate caffeine intake (approximately 45 mg) was associated with a lower prevalence of diabetes and hypertriglyceridemia. Therefore, it can be used as a guideline for the adequate level of caffeine intake for maintaining health.

Research progress of IL-33/ST2 signaling pathway in bone metabolism / 口腔疾病防治

@#Interleukin-33(IL-33) is a new member of the interleukin-1 (IL-1) cytokine superfamily. It can activate mast cells, lymphocytes and macrophages to produce Th2 cytokines and plays a very important role in inflammation, infection, and autoimmune disease. The classical signal pathway of IL-33 includes the isotrimer of ST2 and interleukin-1 receptor accessory protein (IL-1 RAcP), which transduces signals into cells. The IL-33/ST2 signaling pathway affects bone metabolism by activating T and B lymphocytes. This article reviews the role of the IL-33/ST2 signaling pathway in bone metabolism. The results of a literature review showed that at present, scholars at home and abroad still dispute the role of IL-33 in bone metabolism. Some scholars believe that IL-33 can inhibit osteoclast formation, and IL-33 has been recently implicated in physiological bone remodeling. However, other scholars believe that IL-33 can promote osteoclast formation and differentiation, which leads to bone absorption. IL-33 and its signaling pathway are involved in bone metabolism of alveolar bone in periodontitis and periapical periodontitis. The specific mechanism remains unclear, and further studies are warranted.